Media Regulation

PEGI- Gaming
OFCOM- Radio
BBFC- Film
IPSO- Press


Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt 

• There is an underlying struggle in recent UK regulation policy between the need to further the interests of citizens (by offering protection from the harmful or offensive material), and the need to further the interests of consumers (by ensuring choice, value for money, and market competition).
• The increasing power of global media corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media, have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk.

Hypodermic needle model is a model of communication suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the reciever 

• Developed between the first and second world war; it suggests the profound effect of propaganda/advertising on influencing behaviour.

• It suggests that all people are affected equally and is a theory that is now largely discredited within contemporary democratic societies.

War of the Worlds is an example for hypodermic needle when an radio transmitted news that aliens invaded and people listening in admitted to seeing the aliens.

Bandura (1997)

Big doll gets beaten up because monkey see monkey do but instead of monkeys it is children. "Social Learning Theory". 

Social Learning Theory, theorised by Albert Bandura, posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.

Gerbner (1976 cultivation theory) 

Cultivation theory examines the long-term effects of television. "The primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the more time people spend 'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality aligns with reality portrayed on television." The images and ideological messages transmitted through popular television media heavily influence perceptions of the real world. 

IPSO are not doing their jobs in regulations in certain press publications, using the example of Katie Hopkins and her migrants column was in  bad taste but IPSO doesn't cover it. More than 200,000 people petitioned to be sacked but the chief executive of IPSO said bad taste was not in their remit. This led to comparing IPSO to a toothless tiger. 

Fatima Manji column was criticised by Kelvin Mackenzie for wearing a hijab while reporting on  the Nice truck attack. But IPSO said that Kelvin Mackenzie was not attacking the religion but instead what she is wearing.